ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy Winner Country

ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy Winner Country


The Cricket World Cup is the premier international championship of men’s One Day International (ODI) cricket, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC), with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament which is held every four years.
Following is the list of name of Winner Countries and Hosting Countries with few details since 1975 to 2011:
Year Winner Result Runner-up Host Nation(s) Final Venue
1975 West Indies WI won by 17 runs Australia England Lord’s, London
1979 West Indies WI won by 92 runs England England Lord’s, London
1983 India Ind won by 43 runs West Indies England Lord’s, London
1987 Australia Aus won by 7 runs England India, Pakistan Eden Gardens, Kolkata
1992 Pakistan Pak won by 22 runs England Australia, New Zealand MCG, Melbourne
1996 Sri Lanka SL won by 7 wickets Australia India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
1999 Australia Aus won by 8 wickets Pakistan England, Wales, Ireland, Netherlands, Scotland Lord’s, London
2003 Australia Aus won by 125 runs India South Africa, Kenya, Zimbabwe Wanderers, Johannesburg
2007 Australia Aus won by 53 runs Sri Lanka West Indies Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
2011 India Ind won by 6 wickets Sri Lanka India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai

General Knowledge on the Use of Medicines

General Knowledge on the Use of Medicines

Medicines can treat illnesses and alleviate symptoms, but they also give rise to adverse side effects. Improper use of medicines brings potential health hazards. Members of the public should therefore acquire knowledge on the efficacy of medicines and use them as instructed by doctors or pharmacists.
Patients should take medicines prescribed by their doctor according to the dosing schedule, and make no arbitrary increase or decrease on the frequency and dosage of medication. Overdose may lead to poisoning or even death, while underdose cannot relieve the medical conditions. You should attend follow-up appointments as scheduled, and tell your doctor clearly your reaction to the medication. The doctor will then, with reference to your medical conditions, make upward or downward adjustments to the dosage or switch to a more suitable medicine. Do not recommend to others the medicines prescribed by your doctor specifically for you because similar symptoms do not necessarily represent the same illness and physical conditions vary among individuals. Indiscriminate self-medication would not only delay the treatment but also bring about health risks due to adverse side effects.
Advice on Medication
Common side effects of medicines include nausea, constipation and dizziness. Not everyone would experience the same side effects, and most of them would subside after using the medicine for some time. If in doubt, consult a doctor, pharmacist or dispenser.
Various medicines may interfere with each other and some may subject to the influence of diet, and this is what we call “contraindications”. For example, tranquillisers should not be taken with alcoholic drinks. You should therefore tell your doctor during medical consultation what medicines you are taking and take note of the label instructions to avoid danger.
Generally speaking, the following should be borne in mind when taking medicines:
1. Have a clear understanding of how the medicines should be used (e.g. to be taken orally, placed under the tongue, chewed before swallowing, inhaled, inserted rectally or for external application, etc.).
2. Read the drug labels carefully, and pay attention to details including dosage, dosing schedule, efficacy, contraindications and side effects. For example,
certain medicines may induce drowsiness and hence possible danger to a person if he/she has to operate machinery and drive a car after medication.
3. Unless instructed by your doctor, do not take multiple drugs, including Chinese drugs and oral contraceptives, at the same time to avoid medicinal interference.
4. In case of adverse reactions, such as rash, headache and abdominal pain, stop the medication and consult your doctor immediately.
5. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not use or take medicines unless instructed by a doctor, as some medicines may pass into the placenta or breast milk and pose adverse impacts to the foetus or the infant.
6. Check expiry dates of medicines and discard expired or spoiled medicines.
7. Medicines in general should be kept in a cool and dry place, but some of them, such as insulin products and oral antibiotics, should be kept in the refrigerator as specified in the label. Do not store medicines in a freezer compartment, as this may affect the efficacy. Medicines should be stored properly to avoid the danger of mistaken consumption by children.
Medicine Labels
Effective from 1 January 1995, medicines prescribed by a doctor for a patient should have the name of the medicine and other relevant information shown clearly on the medicine bag or bottle. For clinics and hospitals under the Department of Health and the Hospital Authority, most dispensaries have undergone computerisation and information given on the medicine label includes name of the medicine, method of use, dosage, name of patient, date of prescription, name of the clinic or the hospital and special instructions, if any. The purpose of providing such information is to inform members of the public of the knowledge on the medicines they are using to ensure proper application as well as serving as reference and means of contact for healthcare personnel in times of emergency. Members of the public should refrain from indiscriminate self-prescription and self-medication if they do not have a full picture of the situation, as this may result in health hazards
Classification and Control of Drugs
According to the laws of Hong Kong, medicines are classified into three main categories according to the severity of the diseases they intend for and the magnitude of the side effects they cause. Medicines in different categories have to be sold in different registered retailers under different specified conditions outlined as follows:
Category 1: Medicines in this category must be dispensed and sold on doctor’s prescription in registered dispensaries under the direct supervision of registered pharmacists.
Examples include antihypertensive medicines, oral antidiabetics, antibiotics and tranquillisers. Such “prescription medicines” are used to treat serious diseases. Incorrect dosage or improper use may bring about serious health damage.
Dispensaries with registered pharmacists in residence display an identification logo bearing a red ‘ ’ set against a white background.
Category 2: Medicines in this category do not require doctor’s prescription but have to be sold in registered dispensaries under the direction and supervision of registered pharmacists. The method of use and dosage must be followed to avoid health risks. According to the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance, medicines in Categories 1 and 2 must be labelled with the word “poison”. Medicines bearing this word do not mean they are poisonous, and can be used safely by simply following the instructions given by doctors or pharmacists.
Category 3: Medicines in this category can be sold in dispensaries or drug stores without resident pharmacists and examples include drugs for common cold, antipyretics and painkillers. They are often used to treat or alleviate minor illnesses and their side effects are fewer. Despite this, members of the public have to bear in mind that improper use of such medicines may also bring about undesirable side effects. If in doubt, consult your doctor and refrain from discriminate self-medication.
According to the laws of Hong Kong, anyone who contravenes the above rules in selling medicines may be prosecuted. The offender may be subject to fine and imprisonment upon conviction, and he/she may also have to face disciplinary actions against professional misconduct. You are welcome to call 2572 2068, a 24-hour hotline set up by the Department of Health to report any information on illegal sale of medicines.
 
General Knowledge on Medicines and Medicine-Related Laws
1. If you want to obtain more information on medicines, please refer to other items under “General Knowledge on Medicines” at this website.
2. Medicine-related laws in Hong Kong include “Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance”, “Dangerous Drugs Ordinance” and their subsidiary legislations. If you want to know more about such laws in Hong Kong, please visit the Government Publications Centre for publications on relevant legal subjects.
3. For general knowledge on prohibited drugs, please contact the Narcotics Division via their enquiry hotline at 2366 8822.

Medicine General Knowledge 2011

Medicine General Knowledge 2011

Milestones in Medicine

S.No.Discovery / InventionYearDiscoverer / InventorCountry
1Adrenaline1894Schafer and OliverBritain
2Anesthesia, Local1885KollerAustria
3Anesthesia, Spinal1898BierGermany
4Anti - Toxins (Science of Immunity)1890Behring and KitasatoGermany, Japan
5Aspirin1889DreserGermany
6Ayurveda2000 - 1000 BC-India
7Bacteria1683LeeuwenhockNetherlands
8Bacteriology1872Ferdinand CohnGermany
9Biochemistry1648Jan Baptista Van HelmontBelgium
10Blood Plasma Storage (Blood bank)1940DrewU.S.A
11Blood Transfusion1625Jean - Baptiste DenysFrance



12Cardiac Pacemaker1932A.S HymanU.S.A
13CAT Scanner1968Godfrey HounsfieldBritain
14Chemotherapy1493 - 1541ParacelsusSwitzerland
15Chloroform as Anaesthetic1847James SimpsonBritain
16Chloromycetin1947BurkholderU.S.A
17Cholera T.B germs1877Robert KochGermany
18Circulation of blood1628William HarveyBritain
19Cryo - Surgery1953Henry SwanU.S.A
20Diphtheria germs1883 - 84Klebs and LofflerGermany
21Electro - Cardiograph1903Willem EinthovenNetherlands
22Electro - Encephalogram1929Hand BergerGermany
23Embryology1792 - 1896Kari Ernest Van BaerEstonia
24Endocrinology1902Bayliss and StarlingBritain
25First Test Tube Baby1978Steptoe and EdwardsBritain
26Gene Therapy on humans1980Martin CliveU.S.A
27Genes Associated with Cancer1982Robert Weinberg and OthersU.S.A
28Heart Transplant Surgery1967Christian BarnardS. Africa
29Histology1771 - 1802Marie BichatFrance
30Hypodermic syringe1853Alexander woodBritain
31Kidney Machine1944KolfNetherlands
32Leprosy Bacillus1873HansenNorway
33LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)1943HoffmanSwitzerland
34Malaria Germs1880LaveranFrance
35Morphine1805Friderich SertumerGermany
36Neurology1758 - 1828Franz Joseph GallGermany
37Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging1971Raymond DamadianU.S.A
38Open Heart Surgery1953Walton LillehelU.S.A
39Oral Contraceptive Pills1955Gregory Pincus, RockU.S.A
40Penicillin1928Alexander FlemingBritain
41Physiology1757 - 66Albrecht Von HallerSwitzerland
42Positron Emission Tomography1978Louis SokoloffU.S.A
43Rabies Vaccine1860Louis PasteurFrance
44Recombinant - DNA technology1972 - 73Paul Berg, H.W. Boyer, S CohenU.S.A
45Reserpine1949Jal VakilIndia
46Rh - Factor1940Karl LandsteinerU.S.A
47Serology1884 - 1915Paul EhrlichGermany
48Sex hormones1910Eugen SteinachAustralia
49Small Pox eradicated1980W.H.O DeclarationUN
50Stethoscope1819Rene LaennecFrance
51Streptomycin1944Selman WaksmannU.S.A
52Synthetic Antigens1917LandsteinerU.S.A
53Terramycin1950Finlay and OthersU.S.A
54Thyroxin1919Edward Calvin - KendallU.S.A
55Typhus Vaccine1909J. NicolleFrance
56Vaccination1796Edward JennerBritain
57Vaccine, Measles1963EndersU.S.A
58Vaccine, Meningitis1987Gardon, et al. Connaught LabU.S.A
59Vaccine, Polio1954Jonas SalkU.S.A
60Vaccine, Polio - orai1960Albert SabinU.S.A
61Vaccine, Rabies1885Louis PasteurFrance
62Vaccine, Smallpox1776JennerBritain
63Virology1892Ivanovski and BajernickUSSR, Netherlands
64Vitamin A1913Mc Collum and M. DavisU.S.A
65Vitamin B11936Minot and MurphyU.S.A
66Vitamin C1919Froelich HolstNorway
67Vitamin D1925Mc CollumU.S.A
68Vitamin K1938Doisy DamU.S.A
69Western Scientific Therapy460 - 370 BCHippocratesGreece
70Yoga200 - 100 BCPatanjaliIndia


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